Which term describes tissue cells that vary in size and shape, often with large nuclei and an increased rate of mitosis, and may arise from chronic irritation or infection?

• A. Dysplasia
• B. Anaplasia
• C. Neoplasia
• D. Hyperplasia

Answer: (A)

Dysplasia is the tissue change characterized by cells that vary in size and shape (pleomorphism), often with enlarged, abnormal-looking nuclei and an increased rate of cell division. This pattern reflects abnormal maturation of cells and is commonly seen in epithelium subjected to chronic irritation or infection, where ongoing stimuli drive disordered growth. Importantly, dysplasia is a premalignant state: removing the irritant can reverse it, but persistence can lead toward neoplasia.

Anaplasia, by contrast, involves loss of differentiation with chaotic, malpatterned cells and marked malignant features. Neoplasia refers to a new, abnormal growth that can be benign or malignant. Hyperplasia is an increase in cell number with cells that generally retain normal appearance.